This method should always be used for endnotes it is the preferred method for footnotes. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself (LAU Ref Desk LB 2369.

Kate Turabian created her first 'manual' in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual. The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition).

Booth Family Center for Special Collections.

Rare Books, Manuscripts, Art & Archives.

Footnote citation